There exists an ardent need for the development of carbon neutral fuels in view of the non-sustainable economy of fossil fuels primarily from climate change considerations. Biomass could provide a bouquet of environmentally benign solutions to cater to the country’s energy needs. Biomass, a natural resource derived from plant based materials, comprises a mixture of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and small quantities of alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metals. India is a biomassrich country with its primary use in catering to rural energy needs although in a very inefficient manner. The share of biomass in total primary energy usage has been around 32 percent in India serving more than 70 percent of its population. Efficient utilization of biomass for energy solutions could be the key drivers for overall socio-economic development in the country. Several technological options are available for biomass conversion to energy directly, in the form of heat or electricity or to other forms, such as liquid biofuel or combustible biogas. Biofuels derived from sustainable bio-resources are emerging areas and receiving much attention worldwide due to their environment friendliness, enhancement of rural economy coupled with employment generation, etc. Not only as energy and fuels, biomass can also be converted to a wide array of value-added products.